"It would be cold comfort if the gains since 1800, or 1960, had gone to the rich, as you hear claimed every day. But the poor have been the big winners. The great economist Joseph Schumpeter described “the capitalist achievement” in his 1942 book, 'Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy':"'The capitalist process, not by coincidence, but by virtue of its mechanism, progressively raises the standards of life of the masses. Queen Elizabeth I owned silk stockings. The capitalist achievement does not typically consist in providing more silk stockings for queens but in bringing them within the reach of factory girls in return for steadily decreasing amounts of effort.'"Marie Antoinette is supposed to have said, when told that the peasants had no bread, 'Let them eat cake' (well, 'brioche,' but same difference.) In rich countries now, people worry about different problems. All of us, even the poor, have too much bread. We eat too much cake. We are on our way to a world in which everyone has 'first‐world' problems such as bulging waistlines, cluttered closets, and nothing good to watch on Netflix."~ Deirdre McCloskey and Art Carden from their 2020 book Leave Me Alone and I’ll Make You Rich [excerpted here]
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Many years ago when I lived in the UK I went to the Birmingham Science Museum. A large part of the exhibitions were about the industrial machinery of Birmingham's past. There were so many machines that made mass production of goods available cheaply for the population. The one that is burned in my memory, as they had it working as an example, is a button making machine. There was a video showing how buttons were hand made and it was time consuming to make, with these machines a single factory was making 80,000 a day.
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